Inside The Sara Duterte Impeachment Surveys: Loyalty Vs Accountability
This piece looks at why sara duterte can stay one of the most trusted officials while facing impeachment, plunder raps, and questions over 612.5 million pesos in confidential funds. It goes through surveys that show Filipinos rejecting the House move but still wanting her to face a full impeachment trial and answer every allegation. Underneath the numbers is a deeper story about loyalty, accountability, and how cyborg-style disinformation tries to blur the line between real and manufactured consent.
15 min read
Sara Duterte has spent the last two years living inside a contradiction. On one side are the impeachment complaints, plunder and graft raps, and the 612.5 million pesos in confidential and intelligence funds at the Office of the Vice President and the Department of Education that still have not been fully explained. On the other side are the surveys that keep describing her as one of the most trusted officials in the country, often ahead of President Marcos in both trust and approval.
I write about politics and power, so I can’t pretend to be neutral about that gap. For a long time, the anger and suspicion I heard from Filipinos didn’t seem to match the charts being shown on TV and quoted by political camps. The surveys kept saying “she’s trusted,” while more and more people were arguing about whether she should even stay in office.
My first reaction was simple: may mali sa surveys. Maybe they were captured. Maybe they were being twisted. But the longer I followed the numbers, the timelines, and the digital noise around all of this, the more I realized the country wasn’t confused so much as overloaded. We were answering several questions at once: do we trust her, do we think she abused public funds, and do we believe impeachment is the right tool to deal with it.
This piece is my attempt to lay that map out.
HOW STRONG WAS HER SUPPORT, REALLY?
Before the impeachment story peaked, Sara Duterte was not a cornered politician. She started from a position of strength. In early 2024, Pulse Asia and other firms were already showing both Marcos and Duterte sliding from their early‑term highs, but she still held a clear advantage in trust.
A key moment came from a Pulse Asia “Pulse ng Bayan” survey in May 2024. In that polling, Marcos had a trust rating of 32 percent. Sara Duterte scored 50 percent trust, down from 57 percent in the prior reading. Rodrigo Duterte sat at 63 percent, still the most trusted of the three. Even with the decline, Sara’s numbers told one story: she remained more trusted than the president she served under.
Then came the peak that her camp would cling to. A Pulse Asia survey conducted from June 17 to 24, 2024, found her trust rating jumping to 71 percent. The Office of the Vice President and allied pages turned that figure into a banner: proof, they argued, that criticism, hearings, and early questions about the confidential funds had not penetrated the public mind.
When I saw that 71 percent number, I felt the same thing many people did: parang sinelyuhan na. As if one datapoint could freeze public sentiment in place and cancel every future question. That reaction, both mine and theirs, is already a sign to how politicized surveys had become.
THE FIRST SIGN OF BREAKAGE: BELOW 50 PERCENT
The story doesn’t stop at 71 percent. By September 2024, Pulse Asia data was already recording a decline: Sara Duterte’s trust rating fell from 71 to 61 percent, while Marcos sat at 50 percent. She still led him, but the slide was real.
Then November 2024 brought a more dramatic moment. OCTA Research’s Tugon ng Masa survey, conducted from November 10 to 16, showed: Marcos with around 65 percent trust and 64 percent performance, while Sara Duterte’s trust fell to 49 percent and her performance to 48 percent. OCTA analysts noted that this was her lowest rating since December 2023 and the first time her trust and performance both dipped below the majority 50‑percent threshold.
On a national chart, that looks like a clear downward trend. But beneath the average, something stubborn remained. Sara Duterte continued to post strong numbers in Mindanao and among Class E respondents, even at this “low” point. Regional loyalty and class identification provided a floor that the national narrative could not fully erase.
I’ve seen this pattern in institutions. A leader can lose support in the broader organization but still enjoy fierce loyalty in particular teams because of history, favors, or a shared sense of identity. It doesn’t fix the problems. It just keeps the bottom from falling out.
WHAT FILIPINOS SAID ABOUT IMPEACHING HER
If we want to understand the gap, we can’t stop at trust and performance ratings. We have to look at the surveys that asked directly about impeachment.
In December 2024, Social Weather Stations conducted a nationwide survey (commissioned by Stratbase) that asked respondents whether they agreed with the impeachment complaint against Sara Duterte. The results: 41 percent supported her impeachment or removal, 35 percent opposed it, and 19 percent were undecided. Support for impeachment was higher in NCR and Balance Luzon, while Mindanao respondents were more protective. Many of those who favored impeachment cited failure to explain confidential funds, refusal to answer investigations, and concerns about corruption and threats to officials.
Two months later, from February 10 to 18, 2025, WR Numero’s “Philippine Public Opinion Monitor” surveyed Filipinos about the House’s decision to impeach her. Here, the started to blur. Forty‑seven percent opposed the House impeachment move, 33 percent supported it, and 20 percent were undecided. The regional split was sharp: 66 percent of Mindanao respondents opposed the impeachment, with only 17 percent in favor, while Metro Manila had higher support and a bigger pool of undecided respondents.
Pulse Asia picked up the same mood. In a survey conducted from February 20 to 26, 2025, right after the House impeached her, 46 percent of registered voters disagreed with the House’s move to file the case, while only 26 percent agreed. Disagreement was most intense in Mindanao, where it reportedly reached as high as 88 percent.
By mid‑2025, however, another layer showed up. A Social Weather Stations poll conducted in late June 2025 and released in July found that 66 percent of Filipinos agreed that Sara Duterte should address the impeachment charges and face the Senate process, 19 percent disagreed, and 15 percent were undecided. A majority said they were aware of the impeachment complaint, while a significant minority only learned the details when the question was asked. Around 44 percent believed the Senate was deliberately avoiding starting the trial.
Around the same period, an OCTA Research survey conducted in late April 2025 and released in June made that demand for a trial even stronger. In that poll, 78 percent of Filipinos said she should face an impeachment trial to answer the allegations and clear her name. Only 13 percent said she should not be tried, and 9 percent were undecided, with support crossing class lines and reaching around 80 percent among low‑income respondents.
Other readings around that period also picked up sizable segments—around the low 40s—who explicitly disagreed with the impeachment complaint as framed, or rejected the specific move of the House, even while agreeing she should answer allegations.
Put side by side, these results look messy. In one survey, a plurality supports impeachment. In another, nearly half oppose the House’s decision to impeach her, especially in Mindanao. In others, two‑thirds or more of the country want her to stand trial and address the charges in a proper forum.
This is exactly where the contradiction lives. Filipinos are saying:
“Yes, she should explain herself and face the process.”
“No, I don’t fully agree with this specific impeachment move.”
“Yes, I still trust her more than other politicians."
THE SUPREME COURT INTERVENES
Then the legal system stepped in and reset the political timeline.
On July 24–25, 2025, the Supreme Court en banc issued a unanimous ruling saying the Articles of Impeachment against Sara Duterte were unconstitutional. The justices found that the case violated Article XI, Section 3(5) of the 1987 Constitution, which bars starting more than one impeachment proceeding against the same official within a year. Because lawmakers had effectively crossed that line, the Court voided the impeachment for breaking the rules.
Importantly, the Court stressed that it was not clearing her of the underlying allegations. The decision was about rules, not innocence. But the practical effect was clear: there would be no trial, and Congress would have to wait until at least February 6, 2026, before filing new impeachment complaints.
In January 2026, the Court, now with new members, still voted 13–0 to deny the House’s motion for reconsideration and affirm the ruling with finality.
For her camp, this was framed as vindication and proof that the impeachment was abusive. For critics, it looked like a technical shield that blocked a full airing of evidence. For survey respondents, it was another reason to feel that institutions could fight aggressively and still end up in stuck.
It also helps explain why, despite growing support for accountability, her numbers did not completely collapse. The process stalled. The narrative became less about whether she misused funds and more about whether her enemies broke the rules trying to remove her.
2025–2026: UNDER SIEGE BUT STILL STANDING
Through 2025, the political temperature remained high. There were hearings, exposés, legal commentary, and endless talk about who was afraid of a trial. Plunder and graft raps were filed over the 612.5 million pesos in confidential funds, reviving the question of how this money moved and who signed off.
Survey-wise, the picture was mixed. One Pulse Asia survey in 2025 captured a sharp drop in Marcos’s approval, while Sara Duterte’s approval and trust climbed back into the high 50s to low 60s range, especially in Mindanao and among lower‑income classes. OCTA polls mid‑2025, however, showed her trust and performance on a downward path compared to earlier highs, showing a sense of slow erosion rather than collapse.
Then, in early 2026, the numbers settled into a new normal. A Pulse Asia survey conducted from February 27 to March 2, 2026, and reported in mid‑March, found Sara Duterte with around 55 percent approval and 54 percent trust. Her disapproval and distrust were in the high 20s, with the rest undecided. Marcos, in the same survey, had about 36 percent approval and 35 percent trust, with significantly higher distrust and disapproval.
So after everything—the confidential funds scandal, the impeachment complaints, the Supreme Court decision, the plunder cases—she was still the single most trusted top official in the survey, but no longer at the stratospheric 71 percent she once enjoyed. The peak was over. The base remained.
THE SURVEY WARS AND THE CYBORG MACHINE
While all of this was happening, a parallel battle was being fought in the information space. Every new Pulse Asia, OCTA, SWS, or WR Numero release became ammunition. If the numbers favored your side, they were scientific and unbiased. If they didn’t, they were bayad, scripted, or part of an elite plot.
You could see it in the graphics. The 71 percent trust rating from June 2024 resurfaced repeatedly in 2025, long after later surveys showed declines. Opponents, for their part, aggressively circulated the OCTA Q4 2024 graph showing her below 50 percent, often without mentioning the demographic strength in Mindanao and Class E that kept her afloat.
Fact‑checkers flagged altered or mislabeled survey images and recycled news clips being passed off as fresh evidence. Vera Files, among others, documented cases where old OCTA interviews were reframed to distort newer SWS findings, feeding the narrative that “you can’t trust any of them.”
Then there was the more organized machine. The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism reported on a “cyborg” influence operation woven around the Duterte brand: a mix of human trolls, influencers, loyal volunteers, and generative AI churning out political content at scale. The network pushed AI‑generated “man‑on‑the‑street” interviews, fake supporter testimonials, and fabricated everyday scenes to create a feeling that pro‑Duterte sentiment was everywhere and organic. At the same time, it seeded conspiracy theories that painted impeachment and oversight processes as elite attacks or foreign‑influenced plots.
This is where the question “who gains when people stop trusting numbers” finds a concrete answer. If the public comes to believe that all surveys are fake, the actors with large, sophisticated online machines can step in and manufacture their own “people’s voice” without resistance.
I’m not a statistician. I’m someone who watches how these narratives move. For a while, I treated surveys either as holy or basura depending on whether they matched my impression. The impeachment story—and especially the cyborg operation—forced me to accept a more uncomfortable truth: the numbers are often real, but the context around them is deeply manipulated.
HOW THE CONTRADICTION MAKES SENSE
When you put all the data points on one table, the contradiction looks less mysterious.
On one side, you have general trust and performance:
A mid‑2024 peak of 71 percent trust.
A late‑2024 slide to 49 percent trust and 48 percent performance in OCTA’s Q4 survey.
A partial rebound and stabilization around 55 percent approval and 54 percent trust in early 2026.
On the other side, you have impeachment‑specific opinion:
41 percent supporting impeachment vs 35 percent opposing it in a December 2024 SWS survey.
47 percent opposing the House’s impeachment decision vs 33 percent supporting it in February 2025 WR Numero polling, with 66 percent opposition in Mindanao.
46 percent disagreeing with the House’s move vs 26 percent agreeing in a Pulse Asia survey conducted February 20–26, 2025, with disagreement reaching around 88 percent in Mindanao.
66 percent agreeing she should address the charges and face the Senate process in a June 2025 SWS survey.
78 percent, in an OCTA poll from late April 2025, saying she should face an impeachment trial to answer allegations and clear her name, with support around 80 percent among low‑income respondents.
Add the Supreme Court’s unanimous ruling that the Articles of Impeachment were unconstitutional—not because she was innocent, but because the one‑year bar on multiple impeachment proceedings was violated—and you get another layer of mixed signals.
In that situation, Filipinos are not answering just one question. They are answering at least three:
“Do I still trust Sara Duterte more than other politicians?”
“Do I think the accusations about confidential funds and corruption deserve a full airing?”
“Do I believe this particular impeachment move is fair, or is it weaponized politics?”
A person can answer “yes” to trust, “yes” to accountability, and “no” to the specific impeachment process. On a spreadsheet, that looks like a contradiction. Inside a human mind, especially in a country with a long history of elite infighting and failed prosecutions, it feels almost logical.
FATIGUE, PRIORITIES, AND THE LIMITS OF OUTRAGE
There’s one more piece that helps explain why her numbers stabilized instead of collapsing: what people actually worry about day to day.
The same Pulse Asia Q1 2026 survey that showed Sara Duterte at mid‑50s approval and trust also asked Filipinos about their most urgent national concerns. Inflation topped the list by a wide margin, with 59 percent combining first‑ and second‑mentioned concerns. Graft and corruption in government came next at 47 percent, followed by wages and livelihood issues. Political power struggles and impeachment fights ranked lower than rising prices, job security, and daily survival.
That doesn’t mean people don’t care about corruption or abuse of funds—they clearly do, as shown by the impeachment support numbers. It means many are exhausted. They’ve watched scandal after scandal end in technicalities, dismissals, or quiet settlements. It becomes harder to invest emotional energy in a process that takes years, depends on power struggles, and rarely changes the cost of rice tomorrow.
So when a survey interviewer asks, “Do you approve of the vice president’s performance?” some respondents might be thinking less about the latest Supreme Court ruling and more about whether their community has seen anything tangible, or whether they trust her more than whoever might replace her.
WHAT THE SURVEYS ARE REALLY TELLING US
If you zoom out, a clearer picture emerges.
This is a vice president who:
Reached 71 percent trust in June 2024.
Dropped below a majority in late 2024, with 49 percent trust and 48 percent performance.
Faced a December 2024 survey where 41 percent of Filipinos supported her impeachment and 35 percent opposed it.
Watched 47 percent of respondents oppose the House’s impeachment move in February 2025, with 66 percent opposition in Mindanao.
Saw Pulse Asia record 46 percent disagreement and only 26 percent agreement with the House’s action, with Mindanao almost unanimously against.
Encountered mid‑2025 surveys where 66 percent (SWS) and 78 percent (OCTA) wanted her to face an impeachment trial and answer the charges in a proper forum, with support cutting across regions and income classes.
Benefited from a unanimous Supreme Court ruling that struck down the impeachment on constitutional grounds, without clearing her name.
And by early 2026, still held mid‑50s approval and trust, ahead of a president who struggled to cross the mid‑30s.
The numbers are not lying in one simple direction. They’re telling us that a large part of the electorate is trying to separate personal or regional loyalty from a deep desire for institutions that actually demand answers when public money is involved. They’re telling us that people can believe, at the same time, that Sara Duterte should explain the 612.5 million pesos and that the impeachment process used against her may have been flawed or politicized.
The more we dismiss all surveys as fake, the easier it becomes for well‑funded influence machines to fabricate their own “voice of the people” using trolls, influencers, and AI. The more we reduce every poll to propaganda, the harder it becomes to notice when Filipinos are actually trying to send a complicated message: we want strong leaders, but we also want them to answer for public funds.
For me, the question now is less about whether Sara Duterte is still trusted. The harder question is this: in a political system where cyborg networks shape perception, courts can erase impeachment on technical grounds, and people are more worried about inflation than hearings, how do we tell the difference between real consent and manufactured consent. And if we can no longer tell, what happens to accountability the next time 612.5 million pesos quietly moves through a public office.
SOURCES:
Philippine News Agency – Marcos, Sara ratings fall – Pulse Asia
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1241352Philippine News Agency – 41% of Filipinos back impeachment of VP Duterte
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1241421The Philippine Star – Marcos, Sara ratings fall – Pulse Asia
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/04/03/2344942/marcos-sara-ratings-fall-pulse-asiaPulse Asia Research Inc. – Main site
https://pulseasia.phPulse Asia – Pulse Asia trust ratings in May: Marcos, 32%; Sara, 50%; Rodrigo, 63%
https://pulseasia.ph/pulse-asia-trust-ratings-in-may-marcos-32-sara-50-rodrigo-63/Pulse Asia – Media release: September 2024 survey on top officials’ ratings (Sara Duterte trust down 10 points)
https://pulseasia.ph/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/MR1-UB2024-3-MR-on-Top-Officials-Ratings.pdfPulse Asia – February 20–26, 2025 Pulso ng Bayan pre-electoral survey: Key findings on the impeachment of the Vice-President
https://pulseasia.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PB2025-2-MR-on-the-VPs-Impeachment.pdfInquirer.net – Marcos pre-SONA approval, trust ratings dip; VP gets modest gain
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1961771/marcos-approval-trust-ratings-slightly-dip-vps-approval-rating-slightly-goes-upInquirer.net – Pulse Asia: VP Duterte’s trust rating down by 10 points
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1988475/pulse-asia-vp-dutertes-trust-rating-down-by-10-pointsInquirer.net – Marcos ratings improve, VP Duterte rises in latest Pulse Asia poll
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2196364/marcos-ratings-improve-vp-duterte-rises-in-latest-pulse-asia-pollManila Bulletin – Marcos, Duterte maintain high trust, approval ratings despite declines
https://mb.com.ph/2024/5/20/marcos-duterte-maintain-high-trust-approval-ratings-despite-declinesOCTA Research (via PNA) – PBBM retains majority support; VP ratings fall in Q4: OCTA
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1241751GMA News – Sara’s ratings decline; Marcos keeps majority’s trust, approval – OCTA
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/932817/sara-trust-performance-ratings-drop-marcos-retains-majority-octa/story/Inquirer.net – Marcos trust, performance ratings up; Sara Duterte’s decline — OCTA July survey
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2089565/octa-research-july-surveyGMA News – OCTA Survey: Marcos, VP Sara Duterte Q3 trust, performance ratings drop
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/964961/octa-survey-marcos-duterte-q3-trust-performance-ratings-drop/story/GMA News – 78% of Pinoys want VP Sara Duterte to face impeachment trial – OCTA survey
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/948770/78-of-pinoys-want-vp-sara-duterte-to-face-impeachment-trial-octa-survey/story/Social Weather Stations (via GMA) – SWS: 41% of Pinoys back impeachment of VP Sara
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/932258/sws-41-of-pinoys-back-impeachment-of-vp-sara/story/ABS-CBN News – 41 percent of Pinoys back ouster of VP Sara Duterte: SWS
https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/nation/2025/1/8/41-percent-of-pinoys-back-ouster-of-vp-sara-duterte-sws-1827Philstar – 41% for, 35% against VP impeachment – survey
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2025/01/09/2412935/41-for-35-against-vp-impeachment-surveyInquirer.net – 41% for impeach rap, 35% against, 19% undecided
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2022605/41-for-impeach-rap-35-against-19-undecidedGlobal Daily Mirror (Facebook) – 41% of Filipinos agree with impeachment complaint vs VP Sara
https://www.facebook.com/globaldailymirror/posts/41-of-filipinos-agree-with-impeachment-complaint-vs-vp-saraby-ronald-siongcogdmPhilstar – 66% want Sara to address impeachment charges – SWS
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2025/07/14/2458277/66-want-sara-address-impeachment-charges-swsGMA News – SWS: 66% agree Sara Duterte impeachment trial needed – Stratbase-commissioned survey
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/952632/sws-66-agree-sara-duterte-impeachment-trial-stratbase/story/WR Numero / Philippine Public Opinion Monitor (via SunStar) – Filipinos split on VP Sara impeachment, strong opposition in Mindanao
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/filipinos-split-on-vp-saras-impeachment-strong-opposition-in-mindanao-surveyABS-CBN News – 47% of Filipinos disagree with impeachment of VP Duterte
https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/nation/2025/2/26/survey-47-of-filipinos-disagree-with-impeachment-of-vp-duterte-2351United News – Nearly half of Filipinos disagree with House impeachment
https://unitednews.net.ph/en/article.php?post=68366ABS-CBN News – Nearly half of Filipinos disagree with House impeachment of VP Sara Duterte – survey
https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/nation/2025/2/26/nearly-half-of-filipinos-disagree-with-house-impeachment-of-vp-sara-duterte-surveyPhilippine News Agency – Survey showing 41% for VP impeachment reflects public frustration
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1241421Inquirer.net – Survey on VP Duterte’s impeachment reflects public outrage – lawmakers
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2022868/survey-on-vp-saras-impeachment-reflects-public-outrage-lawmakersBusinessWorld – Marcos’ approval and trust ratings rise; Duterte still most trusted despite decline
https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2026/03/16/736786/marcos-approval-and-trust-ratings-rise-duterte-still-most-trusted-despite-decline/Philippine News Agency – PBBM retains majority support; VP ratings fall in Q4: OCTA
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1241751GMA News – Filipinos still most worried about inflation — Pulse Asia
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/980168/filipinos-still-most-worried-about-inflation-pulse-asia/story/GMA News – Poll shows slight decrease for VP Duterte’s approval, trust ratings in 1Q 2026 (video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0-4P9CGiDITodOrmoc (Facebook) – 44% of Filipinos distrust Marcos, 54% trust Duterte in Q1 2026 – Pulse Asia
https://www.facebook.com/TODOrmoc/posts/44-of-filipinos-distrust-marcos-54-trust-duterte-in-q1-2026-pulse-asia/1485164369631936/One News PH (Facebook) – Pulse Asia on why trust ratings of PBBM, VP Sara, Digong compared
https://www.facebook.com/ONENewsPH/posts/pulse-asia-on-why-trust-ratings-of-pbbm-vp-sara-digong-compared-the-big-storythe/119970One News PH (Facebook) – Marcos, VP Sara ratings essentially unchanged in late 2025 #Storycon
https://www.facebook.com/ONENewsPH/posts/pulse-asia-marcos-vp-sara-ratings-essentially-unchanged-in-late-2025storycon-pul/139555Office of the Vice President – June 17–24 Pulse Asia survey (official press release)
https://www.ovp.gov.ph/post/june-17-24-pulse-asia-surveyOffice of the Vice President (Facebook) – The Office of the Vice President is humbled by the Filipino people’s trust
https://www.facebook.com/OfficeOfTheVicePresidentPH/posts/the-office-of-the-vice-president-is-humbled-by-the-filipino-peoples-trPDP–Laban (Facebook) – Survey: Only 26% of Filipinos favor VP Sara impeachment
https://www.facebook.com/officialpdplabanph/posts/%F0%9D%97%9A%F0%9D%97%A2%F0%9D%97%A2%F0%9D%97%97-%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A1WR Numero (Facebook) – 90% of Filipinos say VP Sara Duterte should face impeachment trial (related content)
https://www.facebook.com/WRnumero/posts/look-90-of-filipinos-say-vp-sara-duterte-should-face-impeachment-trial-%EF%B8%8Four-halaReddit – Pulse Asia: Sara Duterte trust rating down from 57 to 50
https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1kwfge3/pulse_asia_sara_duterte_trust_rating_down_from_57/GMA News – Plunder, graft raps filed vs Sara Duterte over P612.5-M confidential funds
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/969331/plunder-graft-raps-sara-duterte-confidential-funds/story/Inquirer.net – Plunder raps vs VP Sara Duterte revive secret fund issue
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2154632/plunder-raps-vs-vp-sara-revive-secret-fund-issueInquirer.net – The P612.5-million question
https://opinion.inquirer.net/185306/the-p612-5-million-questionGeopolitical Monitor – Confidential Funds Controversy Erupts in Philippines
https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/confidential-funds-controversy-erupts-in-philippines/Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism – Five Ways the Duterte Influence Machine is Deceiving Filipinos
https://pcij.org/2025/08/07/five-ways-the-duterte-influence-machine-is-deceiving-filipinos/Philstar – ‘Unconstitutional’: Supreme Court bars impeachment vs VP Sara Duterte
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2025/07/25/2460674/unconstitutional-supreme-court-bars-impeachment-vs-vp-sara-duterteInquirer.net – SC still unanimous: VP impeachment void
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2175071/sc-still-unanimous-vp-impeachment-voidOversight Board – Protest footage paired with pro-Duterte chants (context on disinformation)
https://www.oversightboard.com/decision/fb-v6y3g1dv/
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